Our teams have worked hard behind the scenes to create a smooth website that elevates your experience shopping at liftmode.com. As we jump each hurdle presented to us this year, however, we inch closer to a new beginning, including features and enhancements for you to shop, learn, and discover the quality that LiftMode has to offer more seamlessly. We’ve kept our classic design while improving aspects like performance, instantaneous updates and bug fixes, and integrations, but as we all know, all great things take time.

Easing into this transitional period may present some challenges that our customer service team is ready to help with. Please refer to the below commonly asked questions for help with issues.

Q: What should I do if I can’t log into my account?

A: Accounts created or with passwords that have been updated in the past three to six months may present this issue. In this case, all you need to do is follow the steps for resetting your password by clicking on “forgot password” at the login page. You may need to repeat this process more than once. If you’re still having trouble, please reach out to our customer service team for further assistance.

You might also see the following message when trying to log in. In this case, please enter your customer email and you will receive a password reset link in your inbox.

Q: Why can’t I see my recent orders?

A: Orders that are placed before launching to our new platform are still placed and in our system to be processed and shipped to you as usual. However, your order will not yet show up in your account on Liftmode.com. If you have any questions regarding your order, please refer either to your associated email for order confirmation or contact our friendly customer service team for updates on the status of your order using your order number from the confirmation email.

Still experiencing issues?

If any issues persist and you are unable to access your account or place an order, we will continue to provide access to our old website, which can be accessed through old.liftmode.com.

How to report bugs

If you run into any bugs or something isn’t as it should be, please report issues using the blue “Send Feedback” button at the left bottom of every page. This kind of feedback allows our team to consistently improve user experience for everyone.

We appreciate your patience and support as our team continues to improve aspects of our new website, and we look forward to offering a new and improved shopping experience. 

All our best,

The LiftMode Team

Our teams have worked hard behind the scenes to create a smooth website that elevates your experience shopping at liftmode.com. As we jump each hurdle presented to us this year, however, we inch closer to a new beginning, including features and enhancements for you to shop, learn, and discover the quality that LiftMode has to offer more seamlessly. We’ve kept our classic design while improving aspects like performance, instantaneous updates and bug fixes, and integrations, but as we all know, all great things take time.

Easing into this transitional period may present some challenges that our customer service team is ready to help with. Here are a few common scenarios that may be easily resolved with a few simple steps: 

Log-In Troubleshooting

In the beginning stages of integration, we expect to run into a few changes that will affect your ability to log in to your account in one step. While this situation should be uncommon, the inability to log in using your credentials may require a basic password reset. In this case, all you need to do is follow the steps for resetting your password by clicking on “forgot password” at the login page.Be sure to report any issues with logging in by clicking the blue “Send Feedback” button at the bottom right corner of the page.

Attention all Gmail users: When trying to recover your lost password you might experience a delay of 4-6 hours before the recovery email is received in your inbox. We are aware of this issue and will deploy a fix in the next few days.

If you are unable to complete these steps, or changing your password is unsuccessful, please reach out to our customer service team, who will assist you in accessing your account and/or placing your order.

Orders and Order Status Troubleshooting

Orders that are placed before launching to our new platform are still placed and in our system to be processed and shipped to you as usual. However, your order will not show up in your account on Liftmode.com. If you have any questions regarding you order, please refer either to your associated email for order confirmation or contact our friendly customer service team for updates on the status of your order using your order number from the confirmation email. 

If you experience any other issues finding orders placed in your account, please report the issue by clicking the blue “Send Feedback” button at the bottom right corner of the page.

We appreciate your patience and support as our team continues to improve aspects of our new website, and we look forward to offering a new shopping experience. 

All our best,

The LiftMode Team

Without a COA, supplements can be falsely advertised and dosages inaccurately described, meaning you could be taking more or less than the label says. Supplements can also be sold containing other ingredients not listed on the label and may be of a poor-quality standard. As a consumer it is crucial to know that the product you are buying is shipped with a COA because without one, there is no way of ensuring that what you are buying is actually what you are getting!

What is inside a COA document?

A certificate of analysis (COA) shows the results of scientific tests conducted on a product and will often contain more information than what is seen on the product label. According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), COAs must contain specific information including:

• Supplier Information: Information regarding the supplier of the product material, including their name, address, and other contact information.

• Transportation Data:  Includes the customer name and address, original purchase order, or other details such as the item’s destination. This content is needed to meet shipping requirements.

• Product Identification:  Identifies the product name, item number, lot/batch number, manufacturer, manufacturing date, and expiration date.

• Product type: Verifies the product material; whether the product is powdered, granular, a whole herbal extract or a standardized extract (a product created by extracting specific compounds from a plant).

• Evidence of Conformance:  The most important information in the COA which states whether or not the specific product characteristics meet industry standards, regulatory requirements or customer-specific request.

• Signature:  A signature indicating that the evidence presented was reviewed by a qualified and authorized product inspector.

Why is the COA document so important?

Before any supplement becomes available to purchase, it is the responsibility of the manufacturers to set their own standards of quality make sure the product is safe before it is sold. However, this is often not the case and products are put on the market containing harmful impurities or contaminants (hidden ingredients that are added in order to enhance the effect of the supplement).

In the United states, an analysis of 40 dietary supplements found traces of harmful contaminants including lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium in 93% of supplements tested. In one study, 59% of tested botanical supplements contained plant species not listed on the label and 73% of supplement manufacturers did not meet standard quality regulations.

This is incredibly concerning because supplements may not only interact negatively with other medications you may be taking, but other impurities such as foreign matter, heavy metals, natural toxins and pesticides can be incredibly harmful to your health!

A COA is therefore crucial for ensuring the safety and quality of the product you are purchasing. A COA confirms that shipped material is clearly and correctly identified and clarified.

What is Third Party Independent Testing?

Every LiftMode order ships with a Certificate of Analysis (COA) from a 3rd party independent laboratory, to ensure the highest quality for every order.  

To determine whether a product is safe, manufacturers generally conduct their own internal testing and control processes, which may increase the risk of invalid and biased testing results. To ensure testing reliability and product safety, companies typically make use of third-party product testing.

Third party product testing is a quality control (QC) process that allows for an independent company (a third party) to test for product quality and safety which ensures that the product does not contain any contaminants, impurities and or misleading information.

Conclusion

The bottom line is: there are many products available today that are low quality and contain misleading information.

These products can be harmful to consume as they may contain higher dosages than on the label and or ingredients not listed on the label.

To prevent this, you should always purchase supplements from companies- like LiftMode- we ship all orders with certificates of analysis from a 3rd party independent laboratory.

References

Starr R. R. (2015). Too little, too late: ineffective regulation of dietary supplements in the United States. American journal of public health, 105(3), 478–485. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302348

US Government Accountability Office. (2010) Herbal Dietary Supplements: Examples of Deceptive or Questionable Marketing Practices and Potentially Dangerous Advice. Washington, DC: US Government Accountability Office; pp. 10–662T.

Quinones RL, Winsor RD, Patino A, Hoffman P. (2013) The regulation of dietary supplements within the United States: flawed attempts at mending a defective consumer safety mechanism. J Consum Aff. 47(2):328–357. https://doi.org/10.1111/joca.12012

Tang. S (2005) The Importance of a Trustworthy Certificate of Analysis. Accessed 7 October 2021 at: https://www.nutritionaloutlook.com/view/cbd-s-legal-future-in-the-u-s-purgatory-or-promise

Apigenin is found particularly in high concentrations in plants such as celery, kumquats, onions, chamomile, parsley and oregano. [2]

Our Liftmode Apigenin supplement is derived Matricaria chamomilla (also known as chamomile), a flower belonging to the Asteraceae family. The chamomile extract as well as other Apigenin-containing herbs were used for centuries as functional foods and herbal remedies.

In this article, we look at guidelines on taking Apigenin supplements, i.e. recommended dosages, side effects and important interactions with other herbs or medications.

What Are Some Key Apigenin Extract Benefits?

Apigenin is an incredibly powerful compound with several health benefits.

Today, Apigenin is used to support a number of body functions. Some of the key therapeutic properties of Apigenin include:

• Exhibits antioxidant effects, protecting the body from oxidative stress. [3]
  
• Acts as a neuroprotective and cognitive enhancing agent. [4]
  
• It may help reduce feelings of everyday stress
• Apigenin may support a healthy circulatory system.

How Much Apigenin Extract (Matricaria chamomilla) to Take?

 Since Apigenin is a phytochemical that is present in most food sources, recommended dietary varies widely. In terms of Apigenin supplementation, there is no standard serving size. In terms of general dosing, studies have shown Apigenin is most effective and safe in servings ranging from 200 mg to 1500 mg.

Make sure to follow user guidelines on product labels. Do not exceed doses on packaging without medical supervision. High doses (100 mg/kg of bodyweight) are hepatotoxic. Consult your doctor before trying this supplement.

Is Apigenin Safe – Side effects and Drug Interactions

As for the safety of Apigenin supplements, reports have found Apigenin to have low toxicity and safe for long term use when used correctly. [9] However, some may experience allergic reactions to this supplement. Matricaria chamomilla L. is a member of ragweed family of plants and therefore individuals with ragweed allergies can have allergic reactions such as skin irritations and in high doses can cause nausea or drowsiness. [10]

Another warning of Apigenin supplements is that it may cause liver toxicity in mice in high doses (100mg/kg of bodyweight). [11] In addition, Apigenin supplements may have must be avoided for up to 2 weeks before surgery. [12]

There is not sufficient data regarding the safety of Apigenin supplements on pregnant or breastfeeding women, or if it can be used by children. For this reason, please consult your doctor before trying this product.

In terms of interactions, Apigenin extract may interact with blood thinners, antiplatelet drugs, and aspirin. [14] 

Conclusion

To summarize, Apigenin is an incredible supplement for cognitive support, stress-reducer, and immune booster. It has been shown to reduce boost antioxidant status and supports general health and well-being.

Given the fact that it supports relaxation and sleep, it can be consumed anytime of the day as it doesn’t interfere with circadian rhythms.  Studies suggest it is most effective and safe in doses ranging from 200 mg to 1500 mg daily.

Please consult your healthcare provider before taking this product if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have underlying health conditions. Apigenin may interact with blood thinning medications such as aspirin as well as other prescription and/or OTC medications.

Why do People Take Gotu Kola?

Gotu Kola is well known for its cognitive-enhancing abilities, inducing mental clarity, improving memory and lowering everyday stress. Beyond the herbs’s neuroprotective qualities, it is used to improve circulation, speed up wound healing and to reduce oxidative stress. [1] For more information about Gotu Kola benefits or side effects, check out some of our blog posts here.

This article focuses on the key questions regarding Gotu Kola usage. We look into important safety aspects, interactions with other herbs or medications and recommended dosage. If you are interested in trying Gotu Kola to get a brain boost and are unsure how and when is best to take it, continue reading!

How Much Gotu Kola to Take?

The serving size of Gotu Kola depends on desired effects and the form. Gotu Kola is commonly sold as a dried herbal extract, a tea, tincture, powder or in capsules. The dried herbs /tea can be taken at a dose of 600 mg per day.

In regards to supplemental dosage, in general its best to start with lower serving sizes gradually increase. Some prefer capsules over powders as it is quick and easy.

For more specific usage, Gotu Kola supplements are considered safe and effective in the following doses:

• Cognitive enhancement: Human studies have found 750 mg/day of a 5% asiaticoside extract to be effective in improving cognitive functions.[2] Another study found 500 mg taken twice daily for 30 to 60 days had significant effects on attention. [3]

When to take Gotu Kola? 

Gotu Kola supplements can be taken at any time of the day. The best way to consume this product is to take separate servings, especially if you are consuming higher doses. Since Gotu Kola has sedative properties, it does not interfere with circadian rhythms, so it can be taken in the evening as well.

Gotu Kola is more effective and less likely to cause digestive upset when consumed with meals. [7]

How to take Gotu Kola?

There are many forms of Gotu Kola available in health food stores and produce shops. The plant’s dried leaves are commonly used in Asian cuisine in salads, stews, dahls, and condiments. It can also be sipped as a healing tea or taken in a powdered or encapsulated supplement form.

In an herbal tea form, standard doses include 1-2 teaspoons (5-10 g) to 150 ml to a pot and heat until water is boiling, letting it steep for 10 to 15 minutes. [8]

If you are taking Gotu Kola in powdered form, it would be tastier and easier to have it with hot water as a tea or add it to your morning smoothies/juices to mask the herb’s slight bitter taste. We’ve found that Gotu Kola pairs well with warming grain and legume based dishes.

Are there any Side Effects or Drug Interactions?

Research indicates Gotu Kola does not exhibit any cytotoxic effects against normal cells. A study looking at use of Gotu Kola in servings up to 1g/kg daily for 90 days showed no toxicological symptoms. [9] Large servings may be safe, but it is not recommended to exceed the serving suggestion. [10]

Some rare and mild side effects associated with Gotu Kola may occur. These include stomach pain, nausea, and drowsiness.

Gotu Kola may not be safe for those with liver issues as it may cause herb-induced hepatotoxicity. Topical application of Gotu Kola may cause skin irritations. To avoid this, do a patch test before widespread use.

There is not sufficient research regarding the safety of Gotu Kola on breastfeeding and pregnant women nor on infants. For this reason, please consult your doctor before taking Gotu Kola.

Lastly, there are no documented interactions between Gotu Kola and medications to date. However, since high doses of Gotu Kola can cause drowsiness, it is recommended to avoid taking it with sleep medications. In addition, Gotu Kola may decrease blood glucose and cholesterol levels. Therefore, please consult your doctor to monitor insulin levels when taking Gotu Kola if you experience insulin resistance or cholesterol problems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Gotu Kola is a potent supplement for supporting healthy brain function and reducing everyday stress levels. It is especially beneficial for individuals looking to improve attention, memory, and mood and looking for general health and longevity.

Gotu Kola can be taken at any time of the day and is most beneficial in doses of around 500 -1000 mg per day. You can take Gotu Kola with food or on an empty stomach (if taken as a tea). Please consult your healthcare provider before taking this product if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, are diabetic or experience liver problems.

References

[1] Howes M.J. & Houghton P.J. (2003). ‘Plants used in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine for improvement of memory and cognitive function’, Pharmacology and Biochemical Behavior, 75(3), pp.513-527. doi: 10.1016/s0091-3057(03)00128-x. PMID: 12895669.

[3] Wattanathorn J. Mator L. Muchimapura S. et al. (2007). ‘Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica’, Journal of Ethnopharmacoly, 116 (2) pp.325-332. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.038. Epub 2007 Dec 4. PMID: 18191355.

[5] Wattanathorn J. Mator L. Muchimapura S. et al. (2007). ‘Positive modulation of cognition and mood in the healthy elderly volunteer following the administration of Centella asiatica’, op. cit. 3.

[8] Gohil, K. J., Patel, J. A., & Gajjar, A. K. (2010). Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 72(5), 546–556. https://doi.org/10.4103/0250-474X.78519

[9] Chivapat, Songpol & Tantisira, Mayuree. (2011). Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of a standardized extract of Centella asiatica ECa 233.. Thai Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 35. 55-64.

[10] Deshpande, P. O. Mohan, V. & Thakurdesai, P. (2015). ‘Preclinical Safety Assessment of Standardized Extract of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Leaves’, Toxicology International, 22(1), 10–20. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.172251

MSM provides a source of sulfur, a mineral that is essential to the production of methionine, an amino acid involved in several body processes.

MSM is a well-recognized and researched nutraceutical due to its beneficial effects on musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and immune health. It is often combined with chondroitin and glucosamine and is used to reduce swelling and inflammation of the joints, enhance physical performance, joint mobility, and muscle recovery, as well as support allergies.

In this article, we will be covering the top questions regarding uses of MSM, i.e. common dosage, side effects and important interactions. Take a read through this great article about how to take MSM.

How Much Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) to Take?

Since there is no recommended daily allowance of sulfur in the medical literature, there is no recognized recommended dosage for MSM supplements. Dosage will vary on the state of your health and on the purpose of use.  Please consult your doctor to determine a dose that is appropriate for you.

In terms of general dosage, studies have shown MSM to be well-tolerated in small and larger doses.

• One study on a group of 112 people found MSM to be safe in doses of 500 mg taken 3 times per day during a period of 3 months, without any adverse effects. [2]
  
  
• Another study found doses as high 4 grams divided into several doses taken throughout the day to be well tolerated.[3]

How to take Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Supplements?

MSM is available as a dietary supplement in various forms including a powder, liquid eye drops, gel or cream form and crystals. MSM is often added to other joint-relief supplements and in creams to reduce irritation and inflammation.

Our Liftmode MSM is sold as a powder, which is thought to be the most bioavailable form. MSM can be taken with or after meals.

Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) Side Effects and Interactions

MSM is generally considered safe and effective for adults. [4] The FDA has designated MSM as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) in doses of up to 4.8 grams per day.[5]

Moreover, toxicity reports on rat models indicated MSM to have no cytotoxic effects, even at 5 to 7 times the recommended dosage for humans.[6] However, MSM can cause mild side effects which include bloating, nausea and skin allergies in some people.[7]

In terms of interactions, there is no published data indicating any interaction between MSM with drugs or herbal supplements. To stay on the safe side, consult your doctor before trying MSM.

Finally, there isn’t enough information regarding the use of MSM during pregnancy and breast-feeding, and should therefore be avoided.

Conclusion: Side Effects of MSM

To sum it up, MSM is a well-studied supplement with many health benefits. In fact, studies have shown MSM to reduce swelling, improve immune function as well as enhance muscle recovery and athletic performance. It is also great as a digestive aid and to support joint health.

Additionally, MSM appears to be safe even in higher doses, with mild side effects and no reported interactions.

MSM is best absorbed in powdered form and can be taken with meals. MSM should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women, nor by individuals with underlying medical conditions. Please consult your doctor prior to consuming this product.

Green Coffee Bean Extract (GCBE) is derived from the raw seeds of coffee bean, also known as the Coffea fruit. In recent years, Green Coffee Bean has become a popular dietary supplement due its powerful health benefits.

Some of the most recognized benefits of GCBE may include improved circulation, normalized blood glucose levels[1] and blood pressure[2], as well as increased cognitive function and energy. [3] Some research suggests it may also support a healthy weight.[4] The plant’s potency stems from a compound present in the fruit known as Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenol with important antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.[5]

This article explains how to take GCBE, i.e. recommended dosages, side effects and important interactions with other herbs or medications. For more information about the benefits and effects of GCBE, check out our blog posts. If you’ve been curious about GCBE and are unsure on how and when to take it, take a read through this post!

How Much Green Coffee Bean Extract to Take?

Currently, there is no standardized dosage for Green Coffee Bean Extract. However, research indicates dosage depends on various factors including weight, tolerance to caffeine, and the presence of health conditions (i.e. cardiovascular or digestive conditions, and anxiety). It also depends on the amount of chlorogenic acid found in the supplement, as these vary between brands. The more concentrated the percentage of chlorogenic acid, the lower the serving size, and vice versa.

Recommended doses of GCBE in regards to chlorogenic acid concentration:

• Higher doses ranging between 800-3000 mg standardized to 10% chlorogenic acid
• Medium doses of 600-1500 mg standardized to 20 % chlorogenic acid
• Low doses of 200-600 mg standardized to 50% chlorogenic acid

In terms of general dosing, always follow user guidelines found product labels. Do not exceed doses of 2,000 mg to 3,000 mg without medical supervision. Consult your doctor before trying this supplement.

How to Take Green Coffee Bean Extract?

GCBE supplements should be taken in the early morning. You can take it as a capsule or add a powdered form to your favorite drinks or smoothies.

Because GCBE contains, it should not be taken in the evening or night time, as it can interfere with your sleep.

Although caffeine is safe for adults, high doses can cause digestive upset for those with gut sensitivities. To avoid this, consume GCBE with meals, i.e. with breakfast or before lunch

Are There Any Side Effects or Drug Interactions?

GCBE side effects are mild and similar to reactions with roasted coffee. Some may experience heart palpitations, anxiety, restlessness, indigestion, frequent urination and allergic reactions[6][7] If you experience heart problems or are sensitive to caffeine, please consult your primary healthcare provider before taking this product.

GCBE may not be safe for individuals with poor nutrient absorption. This is because stimulants like caffeine affect mineral absorption of important minerals such as magnesium and calcium.[8] In fact, a study on mice suggested long-term consumption of GCBE may cause alveolar bone loss. However, this was based on a murine model; further research on humans is needed to confirm this adverse effect. [9]

Furthermore, GCBE in high doses taken for a short period has been shown to increase homocysteine levels – these are linked to heart disease. Avoid this product if you have any cardiovascular condition.[10]

There is not sufficient research regarding the safety of Green Coffee Bean Extract supplements on breastfeeding and pregnant women nor on infants. For this reason, please consult your doctor before trying this product.

Conclusion

To summarize, Green Coffee Bean Extract is great for energy, cognition, and circulation. It became popular due to its perceived weight loss benefits, though research is conflicted in this regard.

Green Coffee Bean Extract is best consumed in the morning or early lunch time and is most effective in doses of 200-600 mg daily. It is preferable to consume it with food, especially if you are sensitive to caffeine or have digestive issues.

Please consult your healthcare provider before taking this product if you are pregnant, breastfeeding, or have underlying health conditions, especially cardiovascular problems, bleeding and gut disorders, and nervousness.  Avoid taking this product with stimulant medications or drugs as it may increase heart rate.

References

[1] Thom E. (2007). ‘The effect of chlorogenic acid enriched coffee on glucose absorption in healthy volunteers and its effect on body mass when used long-term in overweight and obese people’, Journal of International Medical Research, 35(6), pp.900-908. doi: 10.1177/147323000703500620. PMID: 18035001.

[2] Kozuma K. Tsuchiya S. Kohori J. et al. (2005). ‘Antihypertensive effect of green coffee bean extract on mildly hypertensive subjects’, Hypertension Research, 28(9), doi: 10.1291/hypres.28.711. PMID: 16419643.

[3] Shen W. Qi R. Zhang J. et al. (2012). ‘Chlorogenic acid inhibits LPS-induced microglial activation and improves survival of dopaminergic neurons’, Brain Research Bulletin, pp.88(5), pp.487-494. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.010. Epub 2012 May 2. PMID: 22580132.

[4] Cho A.S. Jeon S.M. Kim M.J. et al. (2010). ‘Chlorogenic acid exhibits anti-obesity property and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced-obese mice’, Food Chemistry and Toxicology, 48(3), pp.937-943. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.003. Epub 2010 Jan 12. PMID: 20064576.

[5] Cho E.S. Jang Y.J. Hwang M.K. et al. (2009). ‘Attenuation of oxidative neuronal cell death by coffee phenolic phytochemical’, Mutation Research, 661(1-2), pp.18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.10.021. Epub 2008 Nov 5. PMID: 19028509.

[6] Onakpoya, I. Terry, R. & Ernst, E. (2011). ‘The use of green coffee extract as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials’, Gastroenterology Research and Practice,  382852. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/382852

[7] Temple J.L. Bernard C. Lipshultz S.E. et al. (2017). ‘The Safety of Ingested Caffeine: A Comprehensive Review’, Front Psychiatry, 8:80. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00080. PMID: 28603504; PMCID: PMC5445139.

[8] Bergman E.A. Massey L.K. Wise K.J et al. (1990). ‘Effects of dietary caffeine on renal handling of minerals in adult women’ Life Science, 47(6) pp.557-564. doi: 10.1016/0024-3205(90)90616-y. PMID: 2402180.

[9] Abbass M.M.S. & El-Baz D.A. (2018). ‘The effect of daily intake of green coffee bean extract as compared to Agiolax® on the alveolar bone of albino rats’, Dental and Medical Problems. 55(2), pp.125-131. doi: 10.17219/dmp/90983. PMID: 30152614.

[10] Olthof M.R. Hollman P.C. Zock P.L. et al. (2001). ‘Consumption of high doses of chlorogenic acid, present in coffee, or of black tea increases plasma total homocysteine concentrations in humans’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(3), pp.532-528. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/73.3.532. PMID: 11237928.

A cell wall is a type of structure that surrounds certain types of cells, such as plants and fungi. The cell wall in yeast and other organisms acts as structural support and a protective layer.

What Is Yeast Cell Wall and Why do People Use It?

Yeast Cell Wall (YCW) extract is the dried cell wall of yeast that is used as a dietary supplement for its numerous health benefits. The beta-glucans found in YCW have powerful immune-modulating effects through their ability to activate phagocytosis, an innate immune reaction responsible for destroying harmful substances. [1]

Additionally, YCW has been shown to have powerful anti-mutagenic, antioxidant properties and gut-healing effects. [2]

In this article, we will be looking at the guidelines, potential side effects and interactions of Yeast Cell Wall. If you are unclear about how to use YCW, i.e. when and how much to take, then keep reading!

1 How to Take Yeast Cell Wall Supplements?

Yeast Cell Wall is sold in many forms which include powder, liquid, and capsules. Our Liftmode YCW is sold as capsules for quick and easy use.

YCW does not interfere with sleep and therefore can be taken anytime during the day. As YCW may cause gas and bloating, consuming it with food may reduce these side effects.

2. How Much Yeast Cell Wall to Take?

In terms of dosage, there is no globally recommended or standardized dose for Yeast Cell Wall.

However, several animal studies have found that YCW in doses of 400 mg/kg [3] to 1000 mg/kg to be safe for a duration of 42 days. However, since these studies are based on animal models, further human research is required to determine adequate dosing. [4]

LiftMode recommends a serving of 2000 mg.

3. Yeast Cell Wall Side Effects: Safety First!

Yeast Cell Wall is considered safe in healthy adults. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the fungi from which Yeast Cell Wall extract is derived, is a commensal organism commonly found in the human oral and gut microbiome, and is generally well-tolerated and safe for adults.

However, there have been some reported cases in which Yeast Cell Wall supplements have caused adverse effects. Some of these include mild side effects such as bloating, diarrhea and itching to more serious allergic reactions such as shortness of breath or chest pain. If you experience any of these symptoms while taking Yeast Cell Wall, discontinue use and contact your primary care provider immediately.

Furthermore, adverse effects have been reported in cases of immunosuppression and cardiovascular disease. A subspecies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the species from which Yeast Cell Wall is extracted, known as S. boulardii has been shown to become pathogenic, which may lead to fungaemia in immunocompromised individuals.

If you are under any medication or suffer from a health condition, please consult your doctor before taking this product. [5] [6]

Presently, there isn’t enough information regarding the safety of Yeast Cell Wall for pregnant or breastfeeding women, and therefore should be avoided.

4. Are There Any Yeast Cell Wall Interactions?

The following is a list of the currently known interactions of Yeast Cell Wall. If you are taking any other medication as well, please speak to your doctor before using Yeast Cell Wall:

• Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): Yeast Cell Wall may interact with MAOIs. Tyramine is a compound present in certain aged foods like cheese and Brewer’s Yeast (i.e. YCW). Tyramine is usually metabolized and eliminated from the body. In excessive amounts, tyramine can cause high blood pressure.

MAOIs, which are a type of antidepressant prevents the body from breaking down tyramine. Combining MAOIs with Yeast Cell Wall may cause high blood pressure. To be safe side, avoid taking Yeast Cell Wall if you are taking MAOIs. Some common MAOIs include tranylcypromine (Parnate), selegiline, isocarboxazid, and phenelzine (Nardil). [[7]]

• Diabetes Medications: Brewer’s yeast containing chromium may have an impact on blood sugar levels. Combining diabetic medications and brewer’s yeast may decrease blood sugar levels to a lower than optimal level, and may cause hypoglycemia. Do not take this product if you are taking diabetes medications.

Conclusion: How to Use Yeast Cell Wall

 In summary, Yeast Cell Wall is a well-tolerated supplement in healthy adults. It is great to boost immune and gut health and has shown to have powerful antioxidant effects. YCW can be taken at any time of the day as it does not affect your sleep.

YCW may have interactions with certain medications, particularly antidepressants and diabetes medications. Yeast Cell Wall should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women, nor by individuals with underlying conditions. There is no standard recommended dosage for YCW and only animal studies have indicated safe doses. Please consult your doctor for appropriate dosing.

References

[1] Jensen GS, Redman KA, Benson KF, et al. Antioxidant bioavailability and rapid immune-modulating effects after consumption of a single acute dose of a high-metabolite yeast immunogen: results of a placebo-controlled double-blinded crossover pilot study. J Med Food. 2011;14(9):1002-1010. doi:10.1089/jmf.2010.0174

[2] Machová E, Bystrický S. Antioxidant capacities of mannans and glucans are related to their susceptibility of free radical degradation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013;61:308-311. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.07.016

[3] Ghosh TK, Haldar S, Bedford MR, Muthusami N, Samanta I. Assessment of yeast cell wall as replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in broiler diets: effects on performance, intestinal histo-morphology and humoral immune responses. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2012 Apr;96(2):275-84. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01155.x. Epub 2011 Apr 30. PMID: 21535233.

[4] B. Almeida, A. Silva, A. Mesquita, B. Sampaio-Marques, F. Rodrigues, P. Ludovico, Drug-induced apoptosis in yeast, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Molecular Cell Research, Volume 1783, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 1436-1448, ISSN 0167 4889,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.01.005.

[5] Muñoz P, Bouza E, Cuenca-Estrella M, et al. Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungemia: an emerging infectious disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(11):1625-1634. doi:10.1086/429916

[6] Raoul Herbrecht, Yasmine Nivoix, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fungemia: An Adverse Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotic Administration, Clinical Infectious Diseases, Volume 40, Issue 11, 1 June 2005, Pages 1635–1637, https://doi.org/10.1086/429926

[7] Garcia E, Santos C. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Toxicity. [Updated 2020 Nov 20]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459386/

Today, Lion’s Mane is one of the most researched dietary supplements due to its powerful nootropic and neuroprotective properties. Lion’s Mane is a well-established adaptogenic herb and is high in bioactive compounds and phytonutrients. But what are the most important Lion’s Mane side effects and interactions? 

It is known to improve mood and circulatory health, promote gut function, and enhance cognition. The mushroom is also popular for its calming effects on the central nervous system and immunity.

If you were looking to try Lion’s Mane but are unsure of its benefits and side effects or interactions, then look no further. This article looks into the potential side effects and interactions that people may experience.

Generally, it is a safe and effective nutraceutical with no toxicity. As with any dietary supplement, please consult your doctor before use, especially if you have any underlying conditions.

Lion’s Mane Benefits

1. Improves Brain Function and Mood

Lion’s Mane contains powerful neuroprotective properties. Researchers have suggested Lion’s Mane is great for ameliorating cognitive functions due to its effects on neurite outgrowth. In fact, two important active components of Lion’s Mane, hericenones and erinacines, were shown to reduce inflammation in the brain by mediating cytokine activity.

Furthermore, Lion’s Mane may also offer mood-stabilizing and cognitive boosting effects by increasing the growth of new brain cells. In several studies, polysaccharides isolated from the mushroom were found to enhance the growth of nerve cells and neurites in rats and showed promising results on cognitive abilities, such as better memory and concentration and reduced stress. [1]

2. Supports Immunity and a Healthy Circulatory System

Another great Lion’s Mane benefit is that it supports a healthy immune function due to its high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Studies have found Lion’s Mane potent antioxidant activity helps to neutralize free radicals and protect the body from oxidative stress caused by environmental toxins and poor diet.

By increasing antioxidant status in the body, Lion’s Mane may support liver health, promoting longevity and well-being. Lion’s Mane may also protect the heart by helping to support healthy levels of cholesterol, blood glucose, and triglyceride levels in the blood. [2]

3. May Support a Healthy Digestion

Researchers have indicated that Lion’s Mane is a powerful natural supplement to help support your digestion. As a powerful anti-inflammatory agent, Lion’s Mane may support a stronger digestive system.

Studies out of Malaysia and China noted that the polysaccharides in Lion’s Mane contribute to its gut-enhancing benefits. These active compounds were shown in animal models to protect the stomach and digestive tract from pathogenic bacteria such as H. pylori, which may be linked to certain gastrointestinal conditions. [3]

How to take Lion’s Mane supplements

Lion’s Mane is available in many forms. While it is most commonly dried and turned into a dietary supplement, it is also consumed in its whole food form. Our Liftmode Lion’s Mane is sold as a dietary supplement.

Currently, there isn’t a globally recommended serving size for Lion’s Mane. This is because dosages vary depending on the purpose of use. LiftMode recommends 1000 – 2000 mg taken once to twice daily.

• To increase Neural Growth Factor (NGF) production, studies have shown 3-5g per day to be safe and effective.
• For enhanced cognitive functions such as improved memory and concentration, subjects received 250 mg of dried Lion’s Mane powder three times per day for 4 months and saw great improvement. [4]
• Those looking to reduce stress and irritability found 2.0g per day of Lion’s Mane to be safe and effective during a period of 4 weeks. [5]

If you aren’t sure of the appropriate serving size, please consult your healthcare provider before trying this product.

Lion’s Mane Side Effects

Lion’s Mane is recognized as a safe and well-tolerated dietary supplement. Many studies have found it to be a non-toxic food and supplement. One study tested its toxicity by analyzing an aqueous solution containing Lion’s Mane extract (H. erinaceus).

The results indicated a lack of cytotoxicity. In addition, various clinical trials found Lion’s Mane to have no toxicity on rat models, even at high doses (5g/kg of bodyweight per day). [6] [7]

Nevertheless, it is important to be aware that individuals with mushroom allergies may experience Lion’s Mane side effects. There have been isolated cases in which individuals reported experiencing side effects of Lion’s Mane.

One man had an allergic reaction with acute respiratory failure and lymphocytosis of the lungs while taking Lion’s Mane for 4 months. There was another isolated case in which a 53-year-old male experienced contact dermatitis in response to occupational exposure to Lion’s Mane. Once the contact with the mushroom ceased, the symptoms cleared. [8]

If you experience any allergic reactions when consuming this product, such as itchy or burning skin, breathlessness, discontinue use, and contact your doctor immediately.

Lion’s Mane Interactions

The following is a list of the currently known interactions, which could cause Lion’s Mane side effects. If you are taking any other medication as well, please speak to your doctor before using Lion’s Mane:

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: there isn’t enough information regarding the use of Lion’s Mane during pregnancy and breast-feeding. To stay on the safe side, please avoid use.

Antidiabetic or Blood Sugar Lowering Medications: Lion’s Mane may lower blood sugar levels. Diabetes medications also lower blood sugar. Taking Lion’s Mane along with antidiabetic medications may cause blood sugar to drop too low. Avoid taking Lion’s Mane or consult your primary health provider to monitor your blood sugar levels.

Anticoagulants: Lion’s Mane may decrease blood clotting. Taking blood-thinning medications along with Lion’s Mane or have bleeding disorders should avoid using Lion’s Mane as it might increase bleeding or bruising.

Conclusion

In summary, Lion’s Mane side effects and interactions are generally very rare and, if reported, tend to be mild. It is a very safe supplement with no toxicity. It is a powerful supplement for anyone needing to focus and relax and looking for an immunity boost. It may also be effective at supporting digestion and promoting a stable metabolism.

Lion’s Mane may have interactions with other medications, particularly anticoagulants. Lion’s Mane should not be used by pregnant or breastfeeding women, nor by individuals with underlying medical conditions. Hence, please consult your doctor prior to consuming Lion’s Mane.

References

[1] Kuo HC, Lu CC, Shen CH, et al. Hericium Erinaceus mycelium and its isolated erinacine A protection from MPTP-induced neurotoxicity through the ER stress, triggering an apoptosis cascade. J Translat Med. 2016; 14:78

[2] Yang BK, Park JB, Song CH. Hypolipidemic effect of an Exo-biopolymer produced from a submerged mycelial culture of Hericium erinaceus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003;67(6):1292‐1298. doi:10.1271/bbb.67.1292

_[3] Wang M, Konishi T, Gao Y, Xu D, Gao Q. Anti-Gastric Ulcer Activity of Polysaccharide Fraction Isolated from Mycelium Culture of Lion’s Mane Medicinal Mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms. 2015;17(11):1055‐1060. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.v17.i11.50

[4] Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, et al. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment: a double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2009; 23:367–72.

[5] Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, et al. Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks Hericium erinaceus intake. Biomed Res. 2010; 31:231–7.

[6] Nagano M, Shimizu K, Kondo R, et al. Reduction of depression and anxiety by 4 weeks, op. cit. 5

[7] Mori K, Inatomi S, Ouchi K, et al. Improving effects of the mushroom Yamabushitake (Hericium erinaceus) on mild cognitive impairment, op. cit., 4.

[8] Maes MF, van Baar HM, van Ginkel CJ. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from the mushroom White Pom Pom (Hericium erinaceum). Contact Dermatitis. 1999;40(5):289‐290. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06073.x

WHAT IS NAD+?

NAD+ is a coenzyme (helps enzymes work) found in all living cells, that performs a crucial role in longevity and homeostasis – your body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite the constant changes in our outer environment. [1]

NAD+ is an important molecule in the human body that involved in over 500 enzymatic reactions including DNA repair, cellular metabolism, protein activity regulation and energy production. NAD+ also has potent regenerative effects as it may slow the physical and mental effects associated with aging, holding neuroprotective and anti-aging properties.

 NAD+ works to help your cells extract energy from the food you eat. Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell which store and manufacture ATP, the cell’s energy currency, use the energy to keep your cells working properly.

Basically, without NAD+, you can’t utilize any of the nutrients from food. It also ensures the proteins are folded into the shape required for their specific functions (e.g. proteins which work as receptors for hormones demand certain shapes).

NAD+ Precursors: NR vs NMN

Researchers have found that NAD+ levels slowly decline with age. Scientists have indicated a depletion of NAD+ may be linked to age-related health issues. Fortunately, there are several ways to boost the production of this vital molecule. [2]

While NAD+ is available in meat and dairy, it is not readily found in quantities that are high enough to meet the body’s declining levels. Moreover, the body can produce NAD+ by converting NAD+ precursors through various biosynthetic pathways – precursors are chemical compounds that take part in a chemical reaction that results in the formation of a new molecule.

Niacin (vitamin B3), nicotinic acid (NA), nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) or dietary tryptophan act as precursors or building blocks to NAD+. NA and NAM, often termed niacin or vitamin B3, are two of the least used pathways for obtaining NAD+ because they require too high levels to convert into NAD+ and come with side effects like inflamed skin. [3]

The most effective and recognized NAD+ booster vitamins are Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN). While both NR and NMN are great supplements for getting your NAD+ levels up, there are some noteworthy differences in how they function, as well as how their respective benefits and side effects vary.[4]

WHAT IS NR? 

Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) is a precursor for NAD+ and a type of vitamin B3. NR is first converted to NMN then into NAD+. NR is naturally occurring in food sources such as milk and yeast products, however, the quantities found in food are insufficient to fulfill the body’s requirements for NAD+. Many turn to NR supplements as they are more effective at raising cellular levels of NAD+.

Several human randomized placebo trials on NR supplements have indicated that NR is highly effective at replenishing NAD+ and is readily absorbable. One pilot study found NR raised human blood NAD+ levels as much as 2.7-fold using a single dose of NR.

Another study on mice found NR elevated liver cell levels of NAD+ far superiorly than nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. The researchers found NR had better bioavailability and absorption than other NAD+ precursors nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.[5]

WHAT IS NMN? 

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is a synthetically produced nucleotide that is the subject of many prominent studies for its powerful anti-aging effects. Similar to niacin and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), NMN converts into NAD+, a coenzyme involved in many life-sustaining biological processes.

In mammalian cells, NMN can be synthesized either from nicotinamide (type of vitamin B3) or from Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) with the help of an essential enzyme called Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT).

NMN is naturally present in a variety of foods, with highest concentrations in broccoli, cucumber, edamame and cabbage. It can also be found in small amounts in raw beef, cow’s milk, avocado and tomatoes. Many prefer consuming NMN in dietary supplements as the levels found in foods are too low to meet our daily requirements of NAD+. [6]

Animal studies have indicated that NMN supplements effectively increase the NAD+ concentration in a variety of tissues such as the brain, with related health benefits such as steady circadian rhythms, healthier brain as well as supporting healthy aging.

NR VS. NMN: Differences and Similarities

When comparing NR vs NMN, research has found the two compounds to be very similar in terms of their capacity to promote longevity and healthy aging. They do differ in some ways, however. So, which one should you choose?

1. Unlike Nicotinamide Riboside (NR), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) is not a form of vitamin B3 (niacin). This is because NMN contains a phosphate in its molecular structure, which hinders its ability to enter cells.

2. The assimilation of NR and NMN into NAD+ is different. NR must first be broken down and then reassembled back into NMN through a process called phosphorylation of NR carried out by nicotinamide riboside kinases (NKR1/2). The resulting product NMN is subsequently converted into NAD+. In contrast, NMN does not need to be broken down into its constituent parts as it is directly converted into NAD+. Because of its ability to be easily assimilated by the digestive tract, NMN is absorbed faster in the gut. [7]

3. One thing to note when considering NMN vs. NR is that more studies have been completed on NR than NMN. The only NMN clinical trials published thus far are on animals, whereas NR is the focus of numerous human studies. However, with the promising results obtained in animal studies, some NMN human trials are under way.

4. NR research shows NR can raise circulating NAD+ levels in humans by 60% in older adults, through oral supplementation. There isn’t available data showing exactly how much NAD levels are increased from NMN supplementation. [8]

5. Several human studies have confirmed NR’s ability to increase circulating NAD+, which was found to improve mitochondrial function in muscle, liver and brown adipose tissue. Animal studies found NMN plays an important role in the regulation of metabolism and circadian rhythms as a result of its impact on NAD+ and through its activation of sirtuins – sirtuins play a key regulatory role in many critical biological processes. [9]

NR VS NMN: Benefits

NR vs NMN: Side Effects and Dosage

Both Nicotinamide Riboside and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide supplements are generally well tolerated considered safe in recommended doses with no flushing.

A mice study in which scientists administered NR in doses of 300 mg/kg of bodyweight daily for a period of 3 months reported no adverse effects. [17] Safety of NMN was tested in multiple rodent studies. Researchers found doses of 500 mg of NMN were safe and effective without causing any serious side effects. [18]

Human studies suggest NR supplements are safe and effective, even in high doses of 2000-mg taken once a day over a period of 12 week to 24 weeks. Some have experienced rare and mild side effects in including itchiness, digestive upset, and fatigue. [19]

Before taking any supplement or medication, be sure to consult your doctor. It is not recommended to use this supplement if you are taking any medication. This supplement may not be safe for pregnant or breastfeeding women as there is currently insufficient research to support its use.

Conclusion

As we gathered above, both NMN and NR offer similar benefits as they both increase NAD+ levels, which has been shown to encourage healthy aging, mediate energy metabolism, as well as strengthen cardiovascular and brain health. Where they differ is how they are assimilated in the body. The conversion of NR into NAD is more complex whereas NMN’s transformation into NAD is straightforward.

As a potent antioxidant, NR is studied for its abilities to hinder the negative signs of aging, protecting the brain and body from age-related conditions. It is widely consumed supplement because of its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects which have found to prevent DNA damage and support healthy mitochondrial function.

Either way, whichever you chose, NMN and NR both good options as they elevate NAD+ levels, which decline with age. In doing so, they both offer powerful health benefits including improved circadian rhythms, better cardiac and cognitive function as well as strengthening homeostasis. While NMN has specifically been linked to improving blood glucose levels, balanced circadian rhythms and improved learning and supporting longevity, NR promotes weight-loss, improves memory and supports healthy aging. [20]

References:

[1] Cantó, C., Menzies, K. J., & Auwerx, J. (2015). NAD(+) Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis: A Balancing Act between Mitochondria and the Nucleus. Cell metabolism, 22(1), 31–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.05.023

[2] Bogan, K. L., & Brenner, C. (2008). Nicotinic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Nicotinamide Riboside: A Molecular Evaluation of NAD+ Precursor Vitamins in Human Nutrition. Annual Review of Nutrition, 28(1), 11130. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155443

[3]  Trammell SA, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, Redpath P, Jaksch F, Dellinger RW, LiZ, Abel ED, Migaud ME, Brenner C.(2016) Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans. Nat Commun. 2016 Oct 10;7:12948.

[4] Bogan, K. L., & Brenner, C. (2008)., op. cit. 2

[5] Trammell SA, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, Redpath P, Jaksch F, Dellinger RW, Li Z, Abel ED, Migaud ME, Brenner C.op., cit. 3

[6]Revollo JR, Grimm AA, Imai S.(2004)The NAD biosynthesis pathway mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase regulates Sir2 activity in mammalian cells. J Biol Chem. 2004 Dec 3;279(49):50754-63. Epub 2004 Sep 20. PubMed PMID:15381699.

[7] Cantó, C., Menzies, K. J., & Auwerx, J. (2015), op., cit., 1

[8] Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, Armstrong ML, Reisdorph N, McQueen MB, Chonchol M, Seals DR. (2018) Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD(+) in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2018 Mar 29;9(1):1286. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7. PubMed PMID:29599478; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5876407.

[9] Airhart SE, Shireman LM, Risler LJ, Anderson GD, Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D, Tian R, Shen DD, O’Brien KD. An open-label, non-randomized study of the pharmacokinetics of the nutritional supplement nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its effects on blood NAD+ levels in healthy volunteers. PLoS One. 2017 Dec 6;12(12):e0186459. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186459. eCollection 2017. PubMed PMID: 29211728; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5718430.

[10] Rajman, L., Chwalek, K., & Sinclair, D. A. (2018). Therapeutic Potential of NAD-Boosting Molecules: The In Vivo Evidence. Cell metabolism, 27(3), 529–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.011

[11] Ibid.

[12] Cantó C, Houtkooper RH, Pirinen E, Youn DY, Oosterveer MH, Cen Y,Fernandez-Marcos PJ, Yamamoto H, Andreux PA, Cettour-Rose P, Gademann K, Rinsch C, Schoonjans K, Sauve AA, Auwerx J. (2012) The NAD(+) precursor nicotinamide riboside enhances oxidative metabolism and protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab. 2012 Jun 6;15(6):838-47. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.022.PubMed PMID: 22682224; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3616313.

[13] Nakahata Y, Bessho Y (2016) The Circadian NAD(+) Metabolism: Impact on Chromatin Remodeling and Aging. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3208429. doi:10.1155/2016/3208429. Epub 2016 Dec 5. Review. PubMed PMID: 28050554; PubMedCentral PMCID: PMC5165141

[14] Poddar, S. K., Sifat, A. E., Haque, S., Nahid, N. A., Chowdhury, S., & Mehedi, I. (2019). Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: Exploration of Diverse Therapeutic Applications of a Potential Molecule. Biomolecules, 9(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010034

[15] Airhart SE, Shireman LM, Risler LJ, Anderson GD, Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D, Tian R, Shen DD, O’Brien KD., op. cit., 9

[16] Airhart SE, Shireman LM, Risler LJ, Anderson GD, Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D, Tian R, Shen DD, O’Brien KD op. cit., 9

[17] Conze DB, Crespo-Barreto J, Kruger CL.(2016) Safety assessment of nicotinamide riboside, a form of vitamin B(3). Hum Exp Toxicol. 2016 Nov;35(11):1149-1160.doi: 10.1177/0960327115626254. Epub 2016 Jul 11. Erratum in: Hum Exp Toxicol.2018 Apr;37(4):448. PubMed PMID: 26791540.

[18] Irie J, Inagaki E, Fujita M, Nakaya H, Mitsuishi M, Yamaguchi S, Yamashita K, Shigaki S, Ono T, Yukioka H, Okano H, Nabeshima YI, Imai SI, Yasui M, Tsubota K, Itoh H. Effect of oral administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide on clinical parameters and nicotinamide metabolite levels in healthy Japanese men. Endocr J. 2019 Nov 2. doi: 10.1507/endocrj.EJ19-0313. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID:31685720.

[19] Martens CR et al.(2018) Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD(+)in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2018 Mar 29;9(1):1286. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03421-7. PubMed PMID:29599478; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5876407.

[20] Gong B et al (2013), Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α regulated β-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer’s mouse models. Neurobiol Aging. Jun;34(6):1581 doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.005. Epub 2013 Jan 9. PubMed PMID: 23312803;PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3632303.